The following were presented by TC9.9 at the January 2008 Winter Meeting in New York City, NY:

Transactions Session 1
Sunday 1/20 8:00 AM – 9:30 AM
Room: To Be Determined

High Density Cooling Issues
Update – January 2008
Sponsor: TC 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities,Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment
Chair: Terry Rodgers, Member, Syska Hennessy Group, Inc., Charlotte, NC

This session addresses cooling of high density electronic equipment installations such as data centers, telecommunication facilities, and combinations thereof. Power densities of 1000 watts per square meter (93 watts per square foot) or higher are increasingly commonplace. Issues of recent concern are provision, distribution and control of adequate airflow, the return to liquid cooling, reliability, and best practices.

1. Some Worst Case Practices in Data Centers (NY-08-001)
Robert F. Sullivan, Ph.D., The Uptime Institute, Morgan Hill, CA

2. Monitoring Vibration at Data Centers (NY-08-002)
Budy D. Notohardjono, Ph.D., P.E., Member and Roger R. Schmidt, Ph.D., P.E., Member, IBM Corp., Poughkeepsie, NY

3. Current Best Practices in High Density Cooling Applications (NY-08-003)
Vali Sorell, P.E., Member, Syska Hennessy Group,Inc., Charlotte, NC

4. Method for Optimizing Equipment Cooling Effectiveness and HVAC Cooling Costs in Telecom and Data Centers (NY-08-004)
Magnus K. Herrlin, Ph.D., Member, ANCIS, Inc., San Francisco, CA and Kishor Khankari, Ph.D., Member, Fluent, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI


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Transactions Session 2
Sunday 1/20 11:00 AM – 12:30 PM
Room: Mercury

Energy Efficiency and Sustainability of Datacom Facilities
Sponsor: TC 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment
Chair: Jeff P. Trower, Member, Data Aire, Orange, CA

The design approach for mission critical facilities has typically concentrated on uptime and reliability, with limited consideration toward reducing energy and improving sustainability. Yet, due to the steep growth curve in power density and the 24/7 utilization of today’s data centers, enormous opportunities can be found for optimizing energy efficiency. The papers presented in this transactions session provide valuable information on methods and analysis techniques to optimize energy efficiency in data centers.

1. Electrical and Heat Load Planning: Keep Your Data Processing Environment Running (NY-08-005)
Joe Prisco, Pamela Lembke and Marvin M. Misgren, IBM Corp., Rochester, MN

2. Evaporative Cooling Choices to Maximize Waterside Economizer Use in Datacom Installations (NY-08-006)
John W. Lane, Associate Member and Daryn Cline, Associate Member, Evapco, Inc., Taneytown, MD

3. Geothermal Heat Rejection Systems for Data Centers (NY-08-007)
Dennis R. Landsberg, Ph.D., P.E., Member, L&S Energy Services, Inc., Clifton Park, NY; Doug K. McLellan, P.E., Member and Christopher W. Kurkjian, P.E., Member, EYP Mission Critical Facilities, Inc., Washington, D.C.

4. Optimizing Data Center TCO: Efficiency Metrics and an Infrastructure Cost Model (NY-08-008)
Christopher G. Malone, Ph.D. and Christian L. Belady, Hewlett-Packard Co., Roseville, CA


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Forum 2
Sunday 1/20 12:40 PM – 1:20 PM
Room: Sutton Center

Long Term Data Center Planning: The Push Toward Net-Zero Energy and other Considerations
Sponsor: TC 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment
Moderator: Donald L. Beaty, P.E., Member, DLB Associates Consulting Engineers, Ocean, NJ

Data center energy consumption is currently a hot topic, and is likely to remain so due to the dichotomy between the high energy consumption of server facilities and ASHRAE’s embraced goal of net-zero energy consumption in buildings. The goal of this forum is to galvanize discussion of the impact of net-zero energy buildings on long term data center planning. There will also be an opportunity to discuss other issues of long-term interest to datacom facility planners, owners and managers, such as current trends that could drive the industry toward greater reliability, increased use of liquid cooling, improved disaster planning, etc.


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Seminar 45 Javits
Tuesday 1/22 8:30 AM – 10:00 AM
Room: 1B03 at Javits

Energy-Efficient Designs for Data Centers: Oxymoron or Reality?, Part 1
Sponsor: TC 05.07 Evaporative Cooling; TC 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment
Chair: Leon E. Shapiro, Member, VRTX Technologies, Las Vegas, NV

A recent study by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories indicates that, in 2005, data centers consumed approximately 1.2% of the total electricity in the United States. This percentage promises to increase in the future. In conjunction with providing highly reliable, and often fault tolerant computing environments, many data centers are developing strategies to minimize energy costs associated with operating high powered computing equipment. This program provides an overview of trends in high reliability and energy efficiency, focusing on the interfaces and potential conflicts of these systems, and identifies practical means to implement energy efficiency in data centers without compromising reliability.

1. Improving Industrial Competitiveness by Using the Environment for Free Cooling in Data Centers: Eliminating the Fear Factor
Stephen Fok, P.E., Member, Pacific Gas and Electric Co., San Francisco, CA

2. Is There a Cost Benefit to Using Indirect Evaporative Cooling for Data Centers?
Nicholas H. Des Champs, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow, Des Champs Laboratories, Buena Vista, VA

3. University of Washington: A Case Study in Recovering from Rejection
Jeff Sloan, P.E., Member, McKinstry Co., Seattle, WA


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Seminar 53 Javits
Tuesday 1/22 10:30 AM – 12:00 PM
Room: 1B03 at Javits

Energy Efficient Designs for Data Centers—Oxymoron or Reality?: Part 2
Sponsor: TC 05.07 Evaporative Cooling
Chair: Leon Shapiro, Member, VRTX Technologies, Las Vegas, NV

A recent study by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories indicates that, in 2005, data centers consumed approximately 1.2% of the total electricity in the United States. This%age promises to increase in the future. In conjunction with providing highly reliable, and often fault tolerant computing environments, many data centers are developing strategies to minimize energy costs associated with operating high powered computing equipment. This program provides an overview of trends in high reliability and energy efficiency, focusing on the interfaces and potential conflicts of these systems, and identify practical means to implement energy efficiency in data centers without compromising reliability.

1. Retrofit of a Mid-80’s Data Center Designed for 45W/SF to Support 300W/sf Through Energy Efficient HVAC Design
Michael Connor, P.E., Member, X-nth, Inc., Alpharetta, GA

2. Data Center Cooling: 5 Steps to “Right Sizing”
Donald L. Beaty, P.E., Member, DLB Associates Consulting Engineers, Ocean, NJ

3. Energy Efficiency and Reliability: Are They Compatible? How Do We Design and Operate Highly Efficient Data Centers Without Compromising Reliability?
Christopher Kurkjian, P.E., Member, EYP Mission Critical Facilities, Albany, NY


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Seminar 69 Javits
Wednesday 1/23 8:30 AM – 10:00 AM
Room: 1B03 at Javits

Data Centers in the Spotlight: National Energy Perspectives and Recent ASHRAE Publications, Part 1
Sponsor: TC 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities,Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment
Chair: Jack Glass, Member, Citigroup, New York, NY

Data centers are in the spotlight: Congress passed Public Law 109-431 in December 2006 and the USEPA responded with a report to Congress. The first half of this seminar examines datacom energy use from a national perspective, including viewpoints from the U.S. DOE, U.S. EPA, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories.

The second half of the seminar provides overviews of ASHRAE’s response to meeting needs in the datacom industry, including energy. The three presentations provide overviews of ASHRAE books either recently published or close to completion, with themes on the topics of energy efficiency, structural and seismic engineering, and contamination.

1. Demonstrations to Illustrate Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Bill Tschudi, P.E., Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, CA

2. U.S. Government Programs to Advance Data Center Energy Efficiency
Paul Scheihing, P.E., U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.

3. U.S. EPA Report to Congress in Response to PL 109-431
Andrew Fanara, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.


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Seminar 79 Javits
Wednesday 1/23 10:30 AM – 12:00 PM
Room: 1B03 at Javits

Data Centers in the Spotlight: National Energy Perspectives and Recent ASHRAE Publications, Part 2
Sponsor: TC 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities,Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment
Chair: Jack Glass, Member, Citigroup, New York, NY

Data centers are in the spotlight: Congress passed Public Law 109-431 in December 2006 and the USEPA responded with a report to Congress. The first half of this seminar examines datacom energy use from a national perspective, including viewpoints from the U.S. DOE, U.S. EPA, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories.

The second half of the seminar provides overviews of ASHRAE’s response to meeting needs in the datacom industry, including energy. The three presentations provide overviews of ASHRAE books either recently published or close to completion, with themes on the topics of energy efficiency, structural and seismic engineering, and contamination.

1. Overview of New ASHRAE Publication: Structural and Vibration Guidelines for Datacom Equipment Centers
Budy D. Ntohardjono, Ph.D., P.E., Member, IBM Corp., Poughkeepsie, NY

2. Overview of New ASHRAE Publication: Best Practices for Datacom Facility Energy Efficiency
Thomas A. Davidson, P.E., Member, DLB Associates Consulting Engineers, Ocean, NJ

3. Overview of Upcoming ASHRAE Publication: Contamination in Datacom Facilities
Joe Prisco, IBM Corp., Poughkeepsie, NY


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The following was presented at the 2007 Summer Meeting in Long Beach, CA:

High Density Cooling Update
Sponsor: TC 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment
Chair: Jeffrey P. Rutt, P.E., Member, U.S. Department of Defense, Ft. Meade, MD

Cooling of high-density electronic equipment installations such as data centers and telecommunication facilities, are addressed. Power densities of 1000 watts per square meter (93 watts per square foot) or higher are increasingly commonplace. Issues of recent concern are provision, distribution and control of adequate airflow, the possibility of a return to liquid cooling, and transitional technologies for cooling.

1. Perforated Tile Flow Distribution in Close Proximity to Computer Room Air Conditioning Units (LB-07-014)
Jeffrey Rambo, Ph.D., Graham Nelson and Yogendra Joshi, Ph.D., Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA

2. Liquid Cooling Architectures for High Availability Systems (LB-07-015)
Michael J. Ellsworth, Jr., P.E., Roger R. Schmidt, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Prabjit Singh and Richard C. Chu, IBM Corp., Poughkeepsie, NY


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The following was presented at the 2004 Summer Meeting in Nashville:

Symposium NA-04-04
Monday, June 28, 2004 8:00 AM - 10:00 AM

High Density Cooling Issues Update June 2004
Sponsor: TC 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment
Chair: David Copeland, Dr.Eng., Fujitsu Laboratories of America, Sunnyvale, CA

This symposium addresses cooling of high density electronic equipment installations such as data centers, telecommunication facilities, and combinations thereof. Power densities of 1000 watts per square meter (93 watts per square foot) or higher are increasingly commonplace. Issues of recent concern are provision, distribution and control of adequate airflow, the possibility of a return to liquid cooling, and transitional technologies for cooling.

1. Distribution of Cooling Airflow in a Raised-Floor Data Center
Suhas V. Patankar, Ph.D. and Kailash C. Karki, Innovative Research, Plymouth, MN

2. Thermal Profile of a High Density Data Center
Roger Schmidt, Ph.D., Member, IBM Corporation, Poughkeepsie, NY

3. Liquid Cooling of Electronic Equipment: Friend or Foe
Don Beaty, P.E., Member, DLB Associates Consulting Engineers, Ocean, NJ

Seminar 45
Wednesday, June 30, 2004 8:00 AM - 10:00 AM

Design Considerations to Limit Dispersion of Immediately Harmful Contaminants in Large Buildings and Enclosed Vehicular Facilities
Co-Sponsor with: TC 05.09 Enclosed Vehicular Facilities; TC 05.06 Control of Fire and Smoke; TC 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities,Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment
Chair: Paul C. Miclea, P.E., Member, Earth Tech, Inc., Oakland, CA

There is concern for criminal acts of discharging harmful contaminants in large buildings and transit systems to create panic or harm the occupants. Ventilation systems in such facilities have not been designed to address these cases and therefore there is no criteria to prevent the dispersion of harmful contaminants and minimize the risk to occupants. This seminar is recommended to generate ideas for future consideration for the design of new facilities and the best approach to managing risks. Specific options under consideration by Washington Metro and other agencies will be discussed along with the applicable engineering tools.

1. Protection of Washington Metro Stations from Tunnel Fire Smoke with Jet Fans Ventilation System
Igor Maevski, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Jacobs Engineering, New York, NY

2. Dispersion Characteristics of Aerosol Contaminants in Underground Facilities
Greg Sanchez, P.E., Member, New York City Transit, New York, NY

3. Can We Limit the Access of CB Substances in Enclosed Transit Facilities?
Kirk McDaniel, P.E., Member, Earth Tech, Inc., Oakland, CA

4. Importance of Emergency Preparedness and Evacuation Drills
Barney Smits, P.E., Associate, BART - San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit, Oakland, CA

5. Practical Means to Isolate the Station from the Tunnels in Case of a CBR Event
Paul C. Miclea, P.E., Member, Earth Tech, Inc., Oakland, CA

Seminar 46
Wednesday, June 30, 2004 8:00 AM - 10:00 AM

Emergency Cooling of Essential Facilities with Thermal Energy Storage
Co-Sponsor with: TC 06.09 Thermal Storage; TC 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment
Chair: Brian M. Silvetti, P.E., Member, Calmac Manufacturing Corp., Englewwod, NJ

More commonly used for operating cost and energy savings, the minimal energy required to discharge thermal storage systems makes them ideal candidates for emergency cooling in the event of power failure. Critical design and cost issues such as chiller reset and recovery times, backup power requirements and integration concerns are discussed. The actual experience of owner/operators under emergency conditions are summarized, specific installations described and the potential for TES as emergency capacity assessed.

1. Use of Stratified Thermal Storage as Emergency Cooling Capacity
William P. Bahnfleth, Ph.D., P.E., Member, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA

2. Application Decisions and Implementation of TES for Mission Critical Facilities
David C. Tootle, P.E., Member, EYP Mission Critical Facilities, Inc., Washington, D.C.

3. Emergency Back-up Cooling for a Data Center
Amy Wortman, Member, Baltimore Aircoil Company, Baltimore, MD

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Past Programs

The following were presented at the 2004 Winter Meeting in Anaheim:

Symposium AN-04-09
Tuesday, January 27, 8 AM - 10 AM, Room:

High Density Electronic Equipment Facility Cooling
Sponsor: TC 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment
Chair: Donald L. Beaty, P.E., Member, DLB Associates Consulting Engineers, Ocean, NJ

This symposium introduces attendees to the thermal guidelines that have evolved from TC 9.9, Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment. The committee's work deals with the cooling of facilities designed to house electronic equipment, such as data centers and telecommunications central offices. The power density of equipment in these facilities continues to increase, often exceeding 100 watts per square foot of floor space.

1. Evolution of Data Center Environmental Guidelines
Alan Classen, IBM Corp.; Tom Davidson, DLB Associates; Magnus Herrlin, Consultant; Shlomo Novotny, Sun Microsystems; Rebecca Perry, Sun Microsystems; Roger R. Schmidt, Ph.D., Member, IBM Corp., Poughkeepsie, NY

2. The Thermal Bus System: An Integrated Thermal Architecture for Thermal Management of High Power Electronics
Michael J. Wilson, Ph.D., Associate and Wattelet, Ph.D., Modine Manufacturing Co., Racine, WI; Kevin Wert, Ph.D., Thermacore International Inc., Lancaster, PA

3. Cooling of High Density Rooms: Today and in the Future
Lennart Ståhl, Member, Liebert Corp., Richardson, TX

4. Efficient Thermal Management of Data Centers - Immediate and Long-Term Research Needs
Cullen E. Bash, Associate Member, Chandrakant D. Patel, Member, and Ratnesh K. Sharma, Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA

Forum 23
Tuesday, January 27, 11:15 AM - 12:05 AM, Room:

Mission Critical Data Center Design and Applications: What Are Today's Real-World Problems and How Do You Deal with Them?
Sponsor: TC 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment
Moderator: Donald L. Beaty, P.E., Member, DLB Associates Consulting Engineers, Ocean, NJ

Power densities in facilities supporting technology equipment have been increasing and are often one to two orders of magnitude above typical facility design loads. Equipment footprints are decreasing. Room cooling strategies of the past are reaching their limits in cooling these environments. This forum allows building owners, end-users, engineers, contractors and researchers to discuss the issues involved in data center design and provide direction to TC 9.9 for future research and programs. Discussion items include raised vs. slab floors, high-density equipment cabinets, hot spots, maintenance/service, temperature and humidity conditions, contamination, liquid cooling, and monitoring and controls.

The following were presented at the 2003 Summer Meeting in Kansas City:

Seminar 1
Sunday, June 29, 8 AM - 10 AM, Room: Chicago A

Data Center and Telecommunication Room Cooling of High Density Heat Loads
Sponsor: TG9.HDEC High Density Electronic Equipment Facility Cooling
Chair: Donald L. Beaty, P.E., Member, DLB Associates Consulting Engineers, Ocean, NJ

The heat rejection requirements of equipment installed in data centers and telecommunications facilities are changing dramatically. This seminar focuses on the fundamental knowledge required for the design of facilities with the potential for high heat loads (>100 watts per square foot).

1. GR-3028-CORE: Thermal Management in Telecommunications Central
Magnus Herrlin, Ph.D, Member

2. Data Center Environmental Requirements
Roger Schmidt, Ph. D, Member, IBM Corp.

3. Data Center Air Cooling Guidelines
Christian Belady, P.E., Member, Hewlett Packard

4. Best Practices in Data Center and Telecom Room Design
Donald L. Beaty, P.E., Member, DLB Associates Consulting Engineers

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The following were presented at the 2001 Summer Meeting in Cincinnati:

Seminar 26
Monday, June 25, 10:15 AM - 12:15 PM, Room: 242

Internet Hotels/Data Centers: Opportunities and Challenges of the New Economy
Sponsor: TC 1.9 Electrical Systems; TC 4.1 Load Calculation Data and Procedures
Chair: Michael P Kuk, Member, ComEd, Oak Brook, IL

The emergence of the high-tech economy is presenting new opportunities and challenges to engineers, as well as the nation's energy companies. "Internet Hotels/Data Centers" are 200,000-100,000 ft2 buildings with "wall to wall" computer equipment. This seminar discusses the issues, opportunities, and challenges involved with this unique and rapidly growing industry class. This seminar gives a customers/owners/engineers perceptive of the issues. Presentations cover new data detailing the trends on loads in computer rooms and their infrastructure need, the multiple (and often unique) engineering/design challenges involved, and the experiences of experts in the industry.

1. A Customer/Owners Perspective
Nat Tafuri, Broom Field, CO

2. Accurately Estimating Building Loads
Chris Wilkins, P.E., Member, Hallam Associates, South Burlington, VT

3. Engineering/Design Challenges
Donald L. Beaty, P.E., Member, DLB Associates, Wanamassa, NJ

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Future Programs

The following is a list of programs that are planned for future meetings. The titles and timing of these programs are subject to change. If you have any ideas for future programs, please contact the Chair.

All files are in Adobe Acrobat format. The Adobe Acrobat Reader may be downloaded free from the Adobe web site. To download files using Internet Explorer, Right-click the document name and choose "Save Target As" option.

Important Notice: The information contained in the downloadable files from this page was presented at ASHRAE seminars. The seminar format is to present information of current interest and to provide a venue for interaction between ASHRAE members. These seminars should not be considered peer-reviewed (or the final word on any subject). Neither ASHRAE nor the Technical Committee (TC 9.9) has investigated, and both AHSRAE and TC 9.9 expressly disclaim any duty to investigate any product, service, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in any of these presentations does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE or TC 9.9 of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE, TC 9.9, the authors, and their employers do not warrant that the information in any of these presentations is free of errors. The entire risk of the use of any information in these presentations is assumed by the user. Before making any decision or taking any action on this subject, you should consult a qualified professional advisor.